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The layered approach that Cisco takes toward network communications provides many benefits, including interoperable technology, standard interfaces, and modular engineering. This approach has also actually reduced the complexity of internetworking, while improving educational standards for the industry.

Questions You May See on Your Exam
First of all, know how the four layers of the TCP/IP model map to the seven layers of the OSI model.
It's also important to know binary math and conversions from binary to decimal and hexadecimal addresses. We recommend that you don't rely on charts for this section. You will also need to understand the steps of switch functioning. In addition, be able to maximize number of subnets for a given number of hosts and the reverse (how to maximize number of hosts for given number of subnets). Being familiar with the OSI model is also critical; the OSI layered reference model for the CCNA exam is the industry standard for understanding the networking process. A large portion of the test covers the OSI model.

Useful Word Associations:
Segments--Transport layer
Packets--Network Layer
Frames--Data Link Layer
All People Seem to Need Data Processing (mnemonic used to remember the OSI layers)

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